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1886 lines
69 KiB
<html>
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<head><title>gBootRoot</title></head>
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<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#0000EF" vlink="#51188E"
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alink="#FF0000">
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<center>$Id: index.html,v 1.117 2003/02/13 07:37:49 freesource Exp $</center>
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<p>
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<H1 align="center">gBootRoot</h1>
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<H3 align="center">at</h3>
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<p align="center"><A href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/gbootroot">
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<IMG src="http://sourceforge.net/sflogo.php?group_id=9513&type=1"
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width="88" height="31" border="0"
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alt="SourceForge Logo"> </A></p>
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<p align="center"><A HREF="http://www.icewalkers.com/app_vote.php?id=1178">
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<img src="images/rateit80x18.gif" HEIGHT=18 WIDTH=80 BORDER=1></A></p>
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<!-- <p align="center"><A HREF="http://www.softlandmark.com/linux/Administration1.htm">
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<img src="images/Editorspick.gif" HEIGHT=34 WIDTH=99 BORDER=0></A></p>
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<p align="center"><A HREF="http://search.freefind.com/find.html?id=6996492&pid=r&mode=ALL&n=0&query=gbootroot">
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<img src="images/Editorspick.gif" HEIGHT=34 WIDTH=99 BORDER=0></A></p> -->
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<p align="center"><img src="images/Editorspick.gif" HEIGHT=34 WIDTH=99 BORDER=0></p>
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<p></p>
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<!-- HEIGHT=18 WIDTH=80 BORDER=1 -->
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<P align="center">
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<b>bOOTrOOT</b> makes the development, construction, and
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testing of distributions fun and simple.</P>
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<br>
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<H3>
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Download gBootRoot</h3>
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<b>Newest version</b><br>
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<ul>
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<li><em>1.5.0</em> available in tar.gz, deb, and rpm formats.
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<li>Main repository:
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<A href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gbootroot/">
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http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gbootroot/</A>
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<li>Mirror:
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<A href="http://mirror.usermodelinux.org/gbootroot/">
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http://mirror.usermodelinux.org/gbootroot/</A>
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<li><em>Special New Features!!</em>
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<ul>
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<li> Now run gbootroot within user-mode-linux with user-mode-linux within
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user-mode-linux, i.e. nested. Just install gbootroot within a root_fs.
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<li>Works great under skas or tt - automatically figures out the proper mode.
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<li>Keep up with jdike's latest uml patches with gbootroot's
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automated source package. All required sources will be downloaded.
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Just edit the PATCH_VERSION in the Makefile.
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<li>Command-Line Interface to the Yard Method.
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</ul>
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<li>Milestone version 1.3.1 dedicated to the first ever
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<a href="http://www.morlug.org">MORLUG</a> meeting in my
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hometown!
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</ul>
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<b>Slackware or compiling it yourself</b><br>
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<a href="http://freshmeat.net/redir/gbootroot/3075/url_tgz/gbootroot.tar.gz">gbootroot source</a><br>
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<em>Instructions:</em><br>
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README
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<p>
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<b>Debian based distributions</b><br>
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<a href="http://freshmeat.net/redir/gbootroot/3075/url_deb/gbootroot_i386.deb">
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gbootroot debian package</a><br>
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<em>Instructions:</em><br>
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apt-get --yes install gbootroot or dswim -qxyz gbootroot<br>
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after adding these lines to your sources.list where ${country} is one of
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easynews, unc, telia, umn, twtelecom, belnet, cesnet, or switch. ex: telia.dl.sourceforge.net:<br>
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<code>deb http://${country}.dl.sourceforge.net/gbootroot ./<br>
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deb http://${country}.dl.sourceforge.net/avd .<br>
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deb-src http://${country}.dl.sourceforge.net/gbootroot ./<br>
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deb-src http://${country}.dl.sourceforge.net/avd ./</code><br></p>
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<p>
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<b>RPM based distributions</b><br>
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<a href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gbootroot/gbootroot-1.5.0-1mdk.i386.rpm">
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Mandrake and Mandrake-type distributions</a><br>
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<a href="http://freshmeat.net/redir/gbootroot/3075/url_rpm/gbootroot.i386.rpm">
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Red Hat and related distributions</a><br>
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<em>Instructions:</em><br>
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Mandrake-type distribution require <b><code>perl-GTK >= 0.7002</code></b><br>
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Red Hat type distributions require <b><code>Gtk-Perl >= 0.7002</code></b><br>
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All RPM based distributions require perl-Expect and friends available from the main repository:<br>
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<b>Perl 5.8 Series</b>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gbootroot/perl-Expect-1.15-1.i386.rpm">perl-Expect</a>
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<li><a href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gbootroot/perl-IO-Tty-1.02-1.i386.rpm">perl-IO-Tty</a>
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<li><a href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gbootroot/perl-IO-Stty-.02perl5.8-1.i386.rpm">perl-IO-Stty</a>
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</ul>
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<b>Perl 5.6 Series</b>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gbootroot/perl-Expect-1.12-1.i386.rpm">perl-Expect</a>
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<li><a href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gbootroot/perl-IO-Tty-0.04-1.i386.rpm">perl-IO-Tty</a>
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<li><a href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gbootroot/perl-IO-Stty-.02-1.i386.rpm">perl-IO-Stty</a>
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</ul>
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Other requirements include:<br>
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<code>
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file<br>
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ash<br>
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lilo<br>
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bzip2<br>
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</code>
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<P>
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<h3>Add-ons</h3>
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<p>
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<b>Debian based distributions</b><br>
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<a href="http://freshmeat.net/redir/make-debian-x11/18842/url_tgz/make-debian-x11.orig.tar.gz">
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make-debian-x11 source (type make to install)</a><br>
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<a href="http://freshmeat.net/redir/make-debian-x11/18842/url_deb/make-debian-x11_all.deb">
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make-debian-x11 debian package</a>
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<p>
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<h3>Screenshots</h3>
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<a href="images/screenshot2.jpg">1.3.6</a><br>
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<a href="images/screenshot.jpg">1.2.13</a>
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<p>
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<p><a href="#links">links</a></P>
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<p><a href="#contact">How to contact</a></P>
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<h3>Documentation</h3>
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<a href="#FAQ">FAQ</a>
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<br><a href="#cli-help">CLI Help</a>
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<br><a href="#template-help">Yard Template Help</a>
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<P align="center">
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<IMG ALT="" SRC="images/gbootroot.jpg">
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</P>
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<P align="center">
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<b>How to Use gBootRoot's CLI</b></P>
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It's recommended to use the GUI for prototyping, but if you already
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have an existing template in your $HOME/.gbootroot/yard/template
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directory you can reference it with "gbootroot --template
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template_name" and this will create the corresponding root_fs in
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/tmp/gboot_non_root_`id -u`/. If you want the root_fs to have a
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different name use the --root-filename option. All these options and
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more can be found with -h or --help or see the
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<a href="#cli-help">reference</a>.
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<P align="center">
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<b>How to Use gBootRoot's GUI</b></P>
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<P><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/gBS.jpg" align="right">Start gbootroot without
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any command-line arguments. The most important button to
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familiarize yourself with is the Submit button which starts the whole process;
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dialogs are presented as the process continues asking you if you want to
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continue "OK" or stop "Cancel".</P>
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<p>
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The <u>first row</u> allows you to choose a Boot Method.
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Clicking on the menu on the right selects the Boot Method.</p>
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<P>The <u>second row</u> allows you to select the kernel for the Boot/Root set. You
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may either use the file selector button on the right hand side, or you may
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type in the location on the left hand side.</P>
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<P>
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The <u>third row</u> allows you to select the compressed filesystem you are
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providing, using either of the two ways mentioned before. You may use a
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pre-made root filesystem or you may create one using one of the Methods
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provided in the Advanced Root Section.
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</P>
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<P>The <u>fourth row</u> allows you to select the device you want to use. The default
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device is the first floppy disk - /dev/fd0.</P>
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<p>
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The <u>fifth row</u> allows you to choose the size of the device being used. The default size of 1440 assumes you are using a floppy drive
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(Note: You may
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want to experiment with 1722 which works fine with many floppy drives.), but
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can be used with other sized devices like tape drives. Click on the
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appropriate radio button to choose either gzip or bzip2 compression if the
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program doesn't automatically detect it.</p>
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<P align="center"><b>Verbosity Box</b></p>
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<IMG ALT="" SRC="images/verbosity_box.jpg" align="right">
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The <u>slider bar</u> on the right allows the output of the verbosity box
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to be
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changed from the highest (2) to the lowest setting (1) or to be turned off (0)
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or on again. At times it may be advantageous to turn off the
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verbosity box
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since large quantities of output to this box may cause gbootroot to use too
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much cpu power; however, output may still be found in the text file "verbose"
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in /tmp/gboot_non_root_`id -u`.</p>
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<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
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<p><P align="center"><b>
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Using the Advanced Boot Section</b></p>
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<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/ABS.jpg" align="right">
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Libraries & Binaries & Modules check boxes: Turn off and on the
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stripping of symbols. The stripping
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behavior for libraries may be changed by clicking on the right mouse button
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to change --strip-debug to --strip-all. Binaries default to
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--strip-all and Modules default to --strip-debug.</p>
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<p>
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"Devel Device" If the device used for development is different than the
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actual boot device, use this field to indicate that device. You will have to
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run lilo -v -C brlilo.conf -r "device mount point" manually at a later time
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on the actual boot device.</p>
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<p>
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"Opt. Device" Add devices to the boot disk which are necessary for the
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kernel to function properly. Put a space between each
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device. For instance, /dev/fb0 for frame buffer devices.</p>
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<p>
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"append =" Add append options to brlilo.conf. If you are using a frame
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buffer device you could add something like video=matrox:vesa:402,depth:16.</p>
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<p>
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"Kernel Module" Add the modules found in
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/lib/modules/kernel-version which are necessary for the Boot Method to work
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properly. If these modules aren't found in the modules directory
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it is assumed
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that they either are in the kernel or they do not exist. In the
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case of 2 disk compression, floppy needs to be included in the
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kernel or included as a module. Kmod inserts the modules, and
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kmod needs to be built into the kernel along
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with initrd and ramdisk."</p>
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<p>
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"Kernel Version" Override the kernel version number found in the
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kernel header. This will change the /lib/modules/kernel-version
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directory.</p>
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<p>
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System.map: When a non-running kernel is chosen it is important
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to include a copy of that kernel's System.map file so that depmod can use
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the correct set of kernel symbols to resolve kernel references in each
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module. This can be found in the kernel's source code after
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compilation.
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<br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
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<P align="center">
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<b>Using the Advanced Root Section</b></P>
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<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/ARS.jpg" align="right">
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"Root Device" This is the device used for the root filesystem when
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constructing the Boot/Root set. You may choose a device which is
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different
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than the Boot device, but presently only floppy devices are supported.</p>
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<p>
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"Root Device Size" The size of the actual media used for the Root Device.</p>
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<p>
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"Root Filename" The name give to the root filesystem when
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initially made in the temporary creation location. The save
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button allows the creation to
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be saved in the permanent default location when the
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Accept button is pressed.</p>
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<p>
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"Filesystem Size" Root Methods make the filesystem the size
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which is specified here.</p>
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<p>
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"Filesystem Box" Allows the filesystem type, uml behavior, and
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permissions to be controlled. There is a lot more information about
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this box in the "Filesystem Box" section.</p>
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<p>
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"Compression" Off by default to allow user-mode-linux
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testing. Turn on
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compression when you are ready to use a Boot Method
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which requires compression.</p>
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<p>
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"Method" The root filesystem creation method.</p>
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<p>
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"Template" The template associated with a Root
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Method. Not all Root Methods
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have templates.</p>
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<p>
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"Generate" This puts the chosen Root Method in action.</p>
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<p>
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"UML" Abbreviation for user-mode-linux. This is a
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linux kernel which runs on
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top of the host system's linux kernel and allows a you run a live root
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filesystem.</p>
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<p>
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"Accept" This accepts the created root filesystem if it is
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found in the
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temporary creation directory. The UML box and the main section
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will now
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reflect the path to this root filesystem. You can now test with
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the UML
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button or a put together a complete Boot/Root set with the Submit button.</p>
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<br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
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<p><P align="left"><b>User Mode Linux Box</b></p>
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<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/uml_box.jpg" align="center"></p>
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<p>
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"Xterm" Choose an xterm with its executable options switch.</p>
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<p>
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"mconsole:" Allow you to pass the help, sysrq, config, and remove
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commands to the mconsole to control the Linux virtual machine specified
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with the umid value. Good information about sysrq is found in
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Documentation/sysrq.txt in the Linux sources.
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<pre>
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sysrq (Shows sysrq option values in virtual machine.)
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sysrq [0-9|b|e|i|l|m|p|r|s|t|u]
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cad
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reboot
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halt
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config <dev>=<config>
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remove <dev>
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switch <umid>
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version
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help
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</pre>
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<p>
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"Options" Enter uml command-line options like: <code>mem=64,
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devfs=nomount</code>. The <code>umid</code> option is used by
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Reboot, Halt, and the mconsole to determine which Linux virtual machine is
|
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running. The umid value may be changed by
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altering the value for the <code>switch</code> option in the mconsole entry
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box to allow control of a different Linux virtual machine.
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</p>
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<pre>
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umid=bootroot
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mconsole: switch bootroot2 [Enter]
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mconsole: sysrq s sysrq u sysrq b [Enter]
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mconsole: switch bootroot [Enter]
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</pre>
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<p>
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"Root_Fs" Choose an uncompressed root
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filesystem. Append with ubd?=.</p>
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<p>
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|
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<!--
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Default sizes are chosen for mtdram's memory (mem) and
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ramdisk size (ramdisk_size) requirements, and blkmtd's memory requirements.
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These can be altered by passing the appropriate option to the
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kernel.
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-->
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<u>MTD Emulator</u>
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<p>
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"On or Off" Turn MTD emulation on or off.
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<p>
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"mtdram" Use memory to emulate test mtd device.
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<p>
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"blkmtd" Use block device to emulate test mtd device.
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<p>
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"total size" Choose the total size for the mtd device.
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<p>
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"erasure size" Choose the erasure size for the mtd device.
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<p>
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Notes:
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<ul>
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<li>Choose a filesystem type which corresponds with the root filesystem image.
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<li>
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The initrd uses pivot_root which means that the root filesystem must have
|
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chroot in order for the filesystem to properly boot.
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<li>
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|
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The program automatically determines an optimal memory size (mem=nn[KMG]) to
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allow mtdram or blkmtd to work properly. This value may be
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overridden by
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manually adding the mem parameter to the Options section in the
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UML Box; likewise this value may be reinstated by removing the mem parameter
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from the Options section.
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<li>
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Runlevels are determined in this order: mtd_init parameter
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passed as a user option, runlevel passed as a user option,
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root filesystem's /etc/inittab's initdefault, or the default of <em>/sbin/init 2</em>.
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<li>
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mtd_init=[Kernel start-up parameter]
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<br>
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example: mtd_init=/bin/bash
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</ul>
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<p>
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<u>Lower Button Bar</u>
|
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<p>
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"Reboot" Passes the reboot command to the mconsole to reboot the
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Linux virtual machine.
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<p>
|
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"Halt" Passes the halt command to the mconsole to halt the
|
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Linux virtual machine.
|
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<p>
|
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"Abort" Abort user-mode-linux kernel processes. Should
|
|
be used as a last resort when Halt fails.</p>
|
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|
|
|
|
<p><P align="left"><b>
|
|
About the Yard Box</b></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/yard_box.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
The Yard Box is a Root Method which is "Generated" from the Advanced Root
|
|
Section after a Template is chosen. It has several
|
|
interesting features.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
The check boxes at the bottom represent the different stages involved in
|
|
creating a root filesystem. The behavior of these stages
|
|
may be altered in
|
|
three ways: Edit->Stages->one-by-one (default) will perform each stage
|
|
sequentially, stopping between each stage, the user may continue the process
|
|
by pressing the Continue
|
|
button. Edit->Stages->continuous proceeds non-stop
|
|
through all the
|
|
stages. Edit->Stages->'user defined' allows the user to
|
|
choose any stages the user wants, and will then proceed through all the
|
|
chosen
|
|
stages. Choosing only 'Check', 'Links & Deps', 'Copy', and 'Create'
|
|
is a good example.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/tests.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
The behavior of some of the stages may be
|
|
altered. For instance Alt-T allows
|
|
you to choose which tests to run on the newly created
|
|
root filesystem.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/template_search.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Press Alt-S to enable template text searching in either
|
|
direction. Find exact matches or ignore case with
|
|
the case sensitive check box.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/file.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Use Ctl-S to save changes to a template, Alt-A to save the
|
|
template with a new name, or Alt-N to create a new template.
|
|
bOOTrOOT will not allow read-only
|
|
templates (ex: Examples) or template links to be saved
|
|
with their own name; after you make changes to these kind of templates,
|
|
save them with a new name to preserve the changes.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/settings.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Edit->Setttings has two check boxes which allow you to turn on and off
|
|
the automatic NSS and PAM configuration files parsing behavior described
|
|
in detail in Example.yard and Example-Mini.yard.
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/stripping.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Edit->Settings->Stripping allows you to turn off/on stripping for
|
|
Libraries, Binaries, and Modules. --strip-all is the
|
|
default for binaries and libraries,
|
|
and --strip-debug is the default for modules; however libraries may
|
|
be changed to --strip-debug in the settings.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/paths.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Edit->Setting->Paths allows you to prepend a new search path to gbootroot's
|
|
environment $PATH variable.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/replacements.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Edit->Replacements in your $HOME/.gbootroot/Replacements directory using
|
|
an editor of your choice.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/create.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Create->Replacements creates special replacement
|
|
files. Presently it creates
|
|
a fstab configuration file as Replacements/etc/fstab.new in
|
|
$HOME/.gbootroot/yard/.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P align="left">
|
|
<b>Filesystem Box</b></P>
|
|
|
|
<p><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/filesystem.jpg" align="center"></p>
|
|
|
|
The Filesystem Box (Edit->'File System") is the control center for access to
|
|
the filesystem making utilities provided by the root_fs helper.
|
|
For normal users it defaults to genext2fs, and for root, mke2fs.
|
|
If a normal
|
|
user sets the filesystem size greater than 8192k before the box is opened then
|
|
UML Exclusively is turned on, and mke2fs is assumed, otherwise it is off
|
|
and genext2fs is used.
|
|
UML Exclusively is off by
|
|
default for root, and allows root to create filesystem on a loop device, but
|
|
normal users don't have loop device access so genext2fs is used instead to
|
|
create a UID/GID 0 fs. Both types of users can turn this button on
|
|
at any time regardless of the filesystem size, and assuming they provide a
|
|
filesystem command supported by the root_fs helper; however, normal users
|
|
should keep this on when the filesystem
|
|
size is greater than 8192k. Preserve Ownership is off by
|
|
default for normal
|
|
users, and on by default for root, these are good defaults since a normal
|
|
user would create a fs with their own UID/GID if they turned this on.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
The root_fs helper provides support for these commands:<br>
|
|
<code>mke2fs mkreiserfs mkcramfs genromfs mkminix mkfs.jffs2 mkfs.jffs</code>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
<li>All these commands may have options added, but it is unnecessary to add
|
|
directory, device, or source options.
|
|
|
|
<li>Mkcramfs, genromfs, mkfs.jffs2, and mkfs.jffs take the Root Filename in the
|
|
ARS to produce an ext2 filesystem which is then used to store the sources used
|
|
to produce the actual filesystem. The new filesystem produced
|
|
is named respectively with _cramfs, _romfs, _jffs2, or _jffs appended to the
|
|
original Root Filename.
|
|
If in doubt
|
|
what this all means, watch the verbosity box when the filesystem is created,
|
|
and things should become more clear.
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
<P><IMG ALT="" SRC="images/gBSicon.jpg" align="center"> <b>FAQ</b></P>
|
|
|
|
<a name ="FAQ">
|
|
|
|
<tt>
|
|
<a href="#1">1.</a> What's the advantage of using this program?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#2">2.</a> How do I use gBootRoot?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#3">3.</a> Oops, I can't get something to work, what should I do?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#4">4.</a> What are all these CVS directories doing in my replacements?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#5">5.</a> Can I use a program linked to uClibc in the template?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#6">6.</a> What do you mean by macro distribution?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#7">7.</a> How am I able to create root filesystems as a normal user?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#8">8.</a> How does this program allow a normal user to create a root filesystem larger than 8192k?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#9">9.</a> How can I create boot disks as a normal user?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#10">10.</a> What is make_debian, and how do I use it?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#11">11.</a> My root filesystem doesn't start in single mode when started like this: "bootdisk 1?"
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#12">12.</a> What does the 2 disk compression method do?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#13">13.</a> I've created a root fs. Then I've tried to create the boot disk using the 2 disk compression method. The device selection is /dev/fd0, size is 1440k, but the initrd_image.gz is 715k. I don't know much about boot disks but shouldn't the boot disks contain mainly the kernel?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#14">14.</a> If libc is included in the boot disk, why is it needed in the root disk as well?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#15">15.</a> So if I understand correctly, it is not possible to copy libc from dev/ram0 to /dev/ram1 before mounting /dev/ram1 as / ?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#16">16.</a> There isn't enough room left on my 1440 floppy to make a Boot or Root disk. Is there any way to free up more space apart from reducing the size of the kernel?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#17">17.</a> Last, but not least...the boot disk boots, waits for the root disk, and now fails. "Can't open console"??? or sth like this (I'm pretty tired right now, recheck later), which appears after "VFS:ext2fs was found..."
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#18">18.</a> What are the kernel's drivers/fs that must be directly compiled, not as modules, except ext2, floppy? Could you attach your kernel's .config?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#19">19.</a> What is the root_fs_helper 2Mb file in the grootboot package?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#20">20.</a>
|
|
Now the creation works, but actually the whole image is less than 1440k... Still, unclear to me is the purpose of the device/size in the main widget - is it only for the boot or also for the root disk? After all, the root fs image size has been already entered in the ARS.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#21">21.</a> gBootRoot doesn't start because it can't locate Gtk.pm?
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#22">22.</a> If you roll the floppy density counter down to 0 and then try go back up towards 1440 and 1722, you get very funny figures.
|
|
</a>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="#23">23.</a> Changing from gz to bz2 compression for the boot image in the main section has no effect and gzip is still executed.
|
|
<p>
|
|
</tt>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P><a name="1"><b>What's the advantage of using this program?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
|
|
<P><A href="./bootroot.html">BootRoot</A> was the original program,
|
|
but I decided that a GUI approach provided the user much more
|
|
versatility and power in creating distributions. Since the
|
|
first gBootRoot, bOOTrOOT has become a full blown distribution
|
|
creation program which may be used by a normal user. It may be used
|
|
for the creation of root filesystems in every imaginable application
|
|
from Embedded Systems to Mini Distributions to Macro distributions to
|
|
Full sized Distributions.  The root and boot filesystems may
|
|
be tested long before implementation by using
|
|
user-mode-linux. Boot Methods are provided to allow root
|
|
filesystems to run from different types of media.
|
|
Historically, developers have written scripts which have focused on
|
|
providing a particular type of root filesystem and boot
|
|
method. Observation reveals that all these approaches share
|
|
many commonalities. gBootRoot has been designed to embrace
|
|
these similarities, and to allow developers to create drop-in methods
|
|
via modules or easy to understand templates. gBootroot is
|
|
the GIMP of distribution creation!</P>
|
|
|
|
<P><a name="2"><b>How do I use gBootRoot?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
|
|
Learn how from this tutorial that focuses primarily on the Yard
|
|
Method:
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<u>Test an existing mini distribution.</u>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Run gbootroot. Click on the Advanced Root Section (ARS),
|
|
click on the UML button. Select
|
|
/usr/lib/bootroot/root_filesystem/root_fs_helper, and click on the
|
|
Submit button.</p>
|
|
|
|
<u>Test a macro distribution created by make_debian-X11.</u>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Download <a
|
|
href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=9513">
|
|
root_fs_debian_x11-(latest revision).bz2</a>. Then follow
|
|
the instructions in "Test an existing mini distribution." This root
|
|
filesystem was created with the make_debian-X11 script from the
|
|
make-debian-x11 add-on found at <a
|
|
href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=9513">
|
|
gbootroot's</a> Sourceforge home.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<u>Make your own micro distribution from an existing template.</u>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Click on the ARS if its not already opened. Choose Yard
|
|
from the Method pull-down menu. Choose
|
|
<b>Example-Mini.yard</b>
|
|
from the pull-down Template menu. Click on the Generate button.
|
|
The Yard Box will pop up. Click on the Continue button
|
|
until the Create check box turns off. You could continue to the
|
|
tests, but they really wouldn't apply to this minimalistic example because
|
|
there are no links or login type files in the template.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Experiment with Edit->Stages from the Yard Box menu. Try
|
|
different types of staging behavior, and notice the differences.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Test your creation with the UML box. You will want to add
|
|
init=/bin/bash to the Options entry.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
At this point you will probably want to play around a little
|
|
bit. Familiarize yourself with the Format Rules found near
|
|
the top of the template. You may want to save the template
|
|
with a different name and experiment with changes, or create a new
|
|
template using File->New (Shortcut: Alt-N).</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<u>Make your own mini distribution from an existing template.</u>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Choose <b>Example.yard</b> from the Template menu in the ARS.
|
|
Save it with a new name.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
There are two types of inittabs provided for each major distribution
|
|
type. The inittab with nodevfs appended doesn't use the
|
|
device fs, i.e. the devfs=nomount kernel option.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Example.yard template introduces you to Replacements like the inittabs
|
|
described above. Replacements can be anywhere and are
|
|
specified in the template as either an absolute path or relative to
|
|
$PATH (Edit->Settings->Path); the default path location for
|
|
Replacements for users is $HOME/.gbootroot/yard/Replacements.
|
|
Also, this template introduces you to links, $VERSION, how
|
|
library dependencies are automatically figured for binaries and the
|
|
automated approach for finding service modules and dependencies for
|
|
PAM and NSS. Once you learn the format rules and how they
|
|
are interpreted by the program you will find that making your own
|
|
templates is quite simple.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Click on the Continue button until you finish the Space Left
|
|
stage. Adjust the Filesystem Size in the ARS to a size
|
|
larger than the Total space shown in the verbosity
|
|
box. Create your root_fs, and make sure there was enough
|
|
room left. You may have to adjust the size and run Create
|
|
again if you are normal user, or run Copy and Create if a loopback
|
|
device is being used as root.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Now that you have a root filesystem you may continue to the Test stage
|
|
and observe what is missing. Next run the root_fs from the
|
|
UML box. If things don't work correctly you will have to
|
|
hunt down the cause, make the appropriate changes and proceed through
|
|
the stages again.   If you only make a change to a
|
|
Replacement, you only have to run the Copy and Create stage
|
|
again. If you make a change to the template you have to run
|
|
at least the Check, Links & Deps, Copy, and Create stages again.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<u>Make the mini distribution you just created with a different
|
|
filesystem type.</u>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Now that you have successfully created a working mini distribution
|
|
from Example.yard, re-create it with a different filesystem type:
|
|
ext2, ext3, minix, reiserfs, romfs, cramfs, jffs, or jffs2. For this
|
|
learning experience make sure you are running gbootroot as a normal
|
|
user .. you were already weren't you?
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Open up the Filesystem Box (Edit->'File System") and click on the UML
|
|
Exclusively check button, and enter a filesystem command. For this
|
|
example <code>mkminix</code> will be used to create a minix
|
|
filesystem. Normal users will want to keep the Preserve
|
|
Ownership check button off. Press the submit button when
|
|
finished.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Adjust the Filesystem Size in the ARS larger than 8192k, you could
|
|
also make it smaller, but the point of this exercise is to introduce
|
|
users to how the 8192k barrier of genext2fs can be exceeded.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Set the staging behavior to user defined, and choose the Check, Links
|
|
& Deps, Copy, and Create buttons. Press Continue and observe what
|
|
happens.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Can we create a different filesystem type for the root filesystem we
|
|
just altered? Enter <code>genromfs</code> to create a
|
|
romfs filesystem. Set the staging behavior to user defined
|
|
if this hasn't already been done, turn on the Create check button, and
|
|
press the Continue button. Assuming you've left the ARS
|
|
open, press the UML button so that the UML box closes and reopens, and
|
|
you will notice that your fs has _romfs appended to it. Try
|
|
it out. You may notice complaints on boot-up about
|
|
ioctl.save, to remove these complaints you could create a replacement
|
|
ioctl.save, put it in
|
|
$HOME/.gbootroot/yard/Replacement/etc/ioctl.save, edit and save the
|
|
changes to the template, re-create the filesystem, and test again.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
So what about devices for normal users? Genext2fs creates
|
|
devices for normal users, however, when UML Exclusively is used a
|
|
normal user doesn't have the capability to copy over devices from the
|
|
host system. Instead, devfs should be used. If
|
|
more devices are required, devfsd can be used to set them up after the
|
|
root filesystem is booted. Did you get things to
|
|
work? Congratulations, you have created a root filesystem
|
|
without needing to be root!
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<u>Create a boot and root floppy for an existing mini distribution.</u>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Using the techniques you've learned, now create a root_fs which after
|
|
being compressed can fit onto a floppy drive disk. You compress your
|
|
root_fs by by turning compression on by pressing on the off check
|
|
button in the ARS. For maximum compression choose bz2, and then press
|
|
the Accept button.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
Click the Submit button on the main box. Have two floppy
|
|
disks ready. Follow any additional instruction gbootroot may tell
|
|
you.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
When you boot the boot disk you will see Lilo, you may access the menu
|
|
using [Ctrl] and [Tab] to see the available images, or wait for the
|
|
prompt to insert the root disk.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<u>Make your own root filesystems from your own templates.</u>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Now that you have done your homework, I set you free to create your
|
|
own root filesystems from your own templates with replacements of your
|
|
own choice. Create a root_fs which can be used as an
|
|
emergency disk customized for your own system, or create your own
|
|
customized macro distribution and run it from the UML box to try
|
|
things you never would have dreamed of doing on your host
|
|
system. And that is just the beginning of the things you
|
|
can do.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P><a name="3"><b>Oops, I can't get something to work, what should I do?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
If something isn't working for you, I want to know because you probably have
|
|
found a bug. Don't fall
|
|
into the trap that makes you believe that developers don't want to be deluged
|
|
with bugs, quite to the contrary. developers love to receive bugs,
|
|
and I heartily encourage all users to send Free Software developers all their
|
|
problems.
|
|
I have experience working in Quality Assurance, and I know that a
|
|
program with the complexity of gbootroot is a perfect recipe for
|
|
the existence of all types of bugs. As a developer focusing on the
|
|
deployment of code it is easy for bugs to slip by unnoticed.
|
|
Free Source software depends on users sending in bugs if the software is
|
|
to ever experience rapid development; users shouldn't leave this process
|
|
to the developers, because this guarantees that they will need to spend lots
|
|
of time in the testing phase rather than spending time adding great
|
|
new features.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<em>Testers Wanted! Big Reward!</em>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Just because a project doesn't have a name like "Linux" doesn't
|
|
mean that the project should live by itself without community support,
|
|
so please send in those bugs.
|
|
I consider a bug anything which effects the user negatively,
|
|
whether it is a user interface (UI) which is hard to understand
|
|
or use, documentation which seems misleading, or if the program doesn't
|
|
seem to deliver results as it should. Even if you think
|
|
your problem may be due to your own lack of understanding, I still
|
|
recommend that you contact me after reasonable attempts, because what
|
|
you may be experiencing is what "MANY" may be experiencing. At the
|
|
bottom of this page is the contact information. Your problem
|
|
will help gbootroot become a better program for all, and you will be a hero!
|
|
|
|
<P><a name="4"><b>What are all these CVS directories doing in my replacements?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
CVS directories are deliberately put in the Replacement directories to
|
|
prevent users from making changes to global replacement files.
|
|
This allows developers who create add-ons (ex: make-debian-x11) to remain
|
|
confident that any changes made to
|
|
add-on replacements will remain available to all users.
|
|
Replacements
|
|
from add-ons are placed in the architecture-independent
|
|
/usr/share/gbootroot/yard/Replacements directory, and the
|
|
architecture-dependent /usr/lib/bootroot/yard/Replacements
|
|
directory.
|
|
When a user opens up gBootRoot, the program checks to see if there are any
|
|
new replacements and then creates symlinks from the
|
|
$HOME/.gbootroot/yard/Replacements directory to the
|
|
replacement repositories.
|
|
In general the repositories for replacements are owned by root, so normal
|
|
users can't make changes to these files; however, when root is
|
|
editing replacements in the $HOME Replacements location, it should be the
|
|
administrator's policy to use an editor which respects versioned files (i.e. Emacs). Then the
|
|
administrator will not be able to
|
|
make any changes to the replacements repository because the CVS directories
|
|
keep date information which prevents the editing of these
|
|
files. The files kept in /usr/lib are usually binary files
|
|
specific to the host architecture,
|
|
where as the files linked from /usr/share are often text files compatible
|
|
with any architecture; however,
|
|
this directory is meant to be used for data which shouldn't be modified
|
|
directly by any user
|
|
(see <a href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">FHS</a>).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<em>Note for users of version 1.2.14 or earlier</em>: Versions of gbootroot
|
|
before 1.3.0 didn't have this set-up, instead there were just copies of add-on
|
|
replacements in the $HOME replacement directory to allow the user
|
|
to directly modify add-on replacements.
|
|
In order to get the full benefit of the new change you will need to
|
|
rename any of the $HOME/.gbootroot/yard/Replacements
|
|
you've modified and put them in a safe place, then remove the old
|
|
replacements, and return the renamed replacements.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="5"><b>Can I use a program linked to uClibc in the template?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Binaries are auto-magically checked to discover whether they require libc6 or
|
|
uClibc. If they are found to require uClibc
|
|
/usr/i386-linux-uclibc/bin/ldd
|
|
is used to discover shared library dependencies, otherwise ldd is
|
|
called without any path.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a name="6"><b>What do you mean by macro distribution?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
A macro distribution is a term I coined. It implies a software
|
|
distribution larger than a mini distribution usually
|
|
associated with 1.44 to 1.722 sized floppy disks, but smaller than a
|
|
base distribution which provides the foundation to create a full size
|
|
distribution. It is usually pruned, and provides the
|
|
absolute minimum needed to provide all the functionality usually
|
|
associated with a full sized distribution, yet it still uses the same
|
|
libraries and binaries. Because it can be made quickly, it is
|
|
useful for creating a current snapshot of ones own host systems, and can be
|
|
used to run experiments safely via user-mode-linux without fear of
|
|
corrupting the host system.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a name="7"><b>How am I able to create root filesystems as a normal user?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Genext2fs is used to allow a normal user to create an ext2
|
|
filesystem with all UIDS and GIDS belonging to 0 (root) without the need for
|
|
a loop or ram device. Device nodes are created from a device table
|
|
file written to by gbootroot.  This program is authored by
|
|
Xavier Bestel, but the version used by gbootroot has
|
|
modifications from Erik Andersen (BusyBox) to allow a device table
|
|
to be used rather than a device listing. The maximum allowable size
|
|
for a filesystem is 8192k. User and group information
|
|
can be changed when the filesystem is run from a kernel.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="8"><b>How does this program allow a normal user to create a root filesystem larger than 8192k?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Although genext2fs only allows a normal user to create a UID/GID 0 root
|
|
filesystem up to a maximum size of 8192k, this program exceeds this barrier by
|
|
taking advantage of the unique characteristics of user-mode-linux, allowing
|
|
normal users to explore things they never could before.
|
|
User-mode-linux is used to boot up a root_fs helper, the program then
|
|
communicates with the user linux system via expect to automatically
|
|
create a UID/GID 0 filesystem from the files copied over from the
|
|
/tmp/gboot_non_root_`id -u`/loopback directory. The steps will
|
|
vary slightly depending on which filesystem command is chosen, however, the
|
|
same
|
|
concept is used. You may apply this to filesystems smaller than
|
|
8192 by adjusting the settings in the Filesystem Box.
|
|
If you want to learn how to do this manually, look at the ten steps below.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<em>The root_fs helper used by gbootroot is completely root-free</em>.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<u>Ten steps to manually make a >8192 fs as a normal user.</u>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
1. You may want to create a helper root filesystem
|
|
(<=8192k), and give it an unique name in the
|
|
ARS Root Filename. The root_fs
|
|
created from Example.yard provides all the functionality you need,
|
|
regardless, you will need some sort of working root_fs with all the
|
|
necessary system utilities before proceeding with the next step.
|
|
We will call this root_fs_helper.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
2. Create your root filesystem (>8192k) as you normally would when
|
|
using
|
|
genext2f, making sure to choose the filesystem size you require from
|
|
the ARS.
|
|
Proceed through the required stages, and when you finish the Create stage
|
|
an ERROR dialog box will pop up saying "Cannot genext2fs
|
|
filesystem" which you can safely ignore. At this point in the
|
|
"echo /tmp/gboot_non_ root_`id -u`" directory there is an empty file
|
|
with the name
|
|
specified in the ARS Root Filename field which we will assume is called
|
|
root_fs. Above this directory
|
|
in loopback/ all files and directories copied over during the Create stage
|
|
can be found.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
3. Open up the UML box from the ARS. In the Root_Fs
|
|
entry ubd0 should be pointing to the helper root_fs, and
|
|
ubd1 should be pointing to the empty root_fs file:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
ubd0=/tmp/gboot_non_root_1000/root_fs_helper ubd1=/tmp/gboot_non_root_1000/root_fs
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
4. The devfs is used in this example.
|
|
Press the Submit button on the UML box, and login to
|
|
the root_fs_helper. Create two mounting directories if they
|
|
don't exist. For this example, /mnt1 and
|
|
/mnt2 are used.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
5. Make a filesystem type of your own choice on /dev/ubd/1:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mke2fs -m0 /dev/ubd/1
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
6. Mount /dev/ubd/1 on /mnt1:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mount /dev/ubd/1 /mnt1
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
7. Mount the host filesystem on /mnt2:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mount -t hostfs none -o /tmp/gboot_non_root_1000/loopback /mnt2
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
8. Copy everything from loopback to /mnt1:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
cp -a /mnt2/* /mnt1
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
9. Change UIDs and GIDs to the appropriate user:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
chown -v -R 0:0 /mnt1
|
|
chown -v -R 1002:1002 /mnt1/home/user
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
10. Unmount everything. Root_fs is now ready to be used!
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="9"><b>How can I create boot disks as a normal user?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Make the boot disk as you normally would. As long as you have
|
|
write permissions to the boot device you shouldn't run
|
|
into a problem. However, not all boot loaders
|
|
can be set-up as a non-root user, but, you may still continue to
|
|
the end of the process and set-up the boot loader later from a machine you
|
|
have root access on. In order to use lilo while running
|
|
gbootroot there
|
|
are two prerequisites your administrator will have to establish for you.
|
|
First, he will have to edit the fstab to allow you to mount a certain
|
|
block device. For instance, to allow you to mount /dev/fd0, you
|
|
have to mount the /tmp/gboot_non_root_mnt_`id -u` directory. If
|
|
your UID is 1000, then a line like this is added to the fstab:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
/dev/fd0 /tmp/gboot_non_root_mnt_1000 auto defaults,user,noauto 0 0
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Next, the administrator needs to give you access to the
|
|
lilo command. Sudo is a good solution, and in gbootroot the
|
|
$main::sudo variable is assigned "sudo", this can be changed by the
|
|
administrator to some other sudo-like program. The administrator
|
|
then uses visudo to edit the sudoers file with a line like this:
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
user hostname = NOPASSWD: /sbin/lilo
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Note that NOPASSWD is used. Gbootroot won't prompt for a password,
|
|
and just assumes no password in necessary. I could change this
|
|
behavior if people request it. If modules are required for
|
|
the boot method to work properly, you need to have read
|
|
permissions to them so they can be copied. Now a bootdisk with
|
|
lilo can be made.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="10"><b>What is make_debian, and how do I use it?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Make_debian is a script which takes information from
|
|
a Debian installation and creates a template which can be used to make a
|
|
macro distribution using gBootRoot's yard method.
|
|
It creates replacements for important configuration files to represent
|
|
the actual packaging state it will be providing.
|
|
In order to use this script you need to be running a Debian-like
|
|
distribution, anotherwards, one which uses dpkg, apt and file-rc to maintain
|
|
its packaging and boot hierarchy. Dswim is used to collect
|
|
information used in making the template. When you run the
|
|
template in the Yard Box as
|
|
a normal user make sure that UML Exclusively is on in the filesystem box, and
|
|
that you assign an adequate filesystem size in the ARS. This is a
|
|
good opportunity to find out how your installation would run on top of
|
|
different filesystem types like reiserfs.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Run make_debian from the command-line. The script first finds all
|
|
required packages on your host system, then it checks to see if any of
|
|
the extra packages mentioned in its configuration are missing.
|
|
As a rule, even if extra packages
|
|
are missing, a working distribution will still be created.
|
|
The script will then ask you a few questions,
|
|
and then proceed to make Debian-`uname -n`.yard in your template
|
|
directory.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<em>Extra Packages and static template data:</em>
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
You can resolve missing packages by installing them on your system, or you can
|
|
edit the script and replace those packages with a suitable replacement,
|
|
since you may be using a different version of Debian than the author
|
|
used when putting together make_debian. Make a copy of make_debian,
|
|
and then edit the part under EDIT HERE between qw().
|
|
You may edit the static data for the template within the script where it says
|
|
EDIT TEMPLATE BELOW.
|
|
The <b>make-debian-x11</b> add-on is actually the
|
|
result of
|
|
making these modifications. First, extra packages were
|
|
added, second, extra replacements were provided and the static information
|
|
in the template was modified to reflect these replacements.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a name="11"><b>My root filesystem doesn't start in single mode when started like
|
|
this:  "bootdisk 1?"</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
When you start a kernel image with 1, you are telling it to start in runlevel
|
|
1, not in single mode. Use "single" instead.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
While on the subject, it should be pointed at the setting up init and its
|
|
runlevels is one of the
|
|
most challenging areas of creating a bootable root_fs. Often
|
|
your creation will only work with "single" until all the conflicts
|
|
are resolved. Things are complicated even further by the fact that
|
|
devices can now be set up in two majors ways: tty? or ttys/? (devfs).
|
|
Fortunately, user-mode-linux comes in very handy for hunting
|
|
down all the bugs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P><a name="12"><b>What does the 2 disk compression method do?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
<P>This Boot Method creates a boot disk with lilo, a kernel and an initrd
|
|
image.
|
|
The initrd script mounts another root disk with a compressed (gzip or bzip2)
|
|
filesystem. Note: This method doesn't use the devfs, so use a
|
|
kernel without this built into it.</P>
|
|
|
|
<p><a name="13"><b>I've created a root fs. Then I've tried to create the boot disk using the 2 disk compression method. The device selection is /dev/fd0, size is 1440k, but the initrd_image.gz is 715k. I don't know much about boot disks but shouldn't the boot disks contain mainly the kernel?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
If you are creating a boot disk in which the kernel knows where to
|
|
find the root filesystem and the root filesystem is
|
|
either compressed with gzip or not compressed (i.e. a cramfs could be used),
|
|
then nothing else but a kernel is required
|
|
assuming it is copied in a way that is starts at block 0 on the device
|
|
media, and then rdeved in such a way that it knows that the ramdisk and the
|
|
prompt
|
|
flag are on, i.e., rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152, and that the root filesystem starts
|
|
at block
|
|
0 on the other floppy.
|
|
However, the 2 disk compression method was designed to uncompress bzip2
|
|
root filesystems as well as gzipped root filesystems from
|
|
to the second disk.  In order to boot /dev/fd0 from /dev/fd0 when
|
|
the root
|
|
filesystem is compressed with bzip2 the kernel has to
|
|
mount the initial boot disk, and then after the new root disk is inserted it
|
|
uncompresses the root filesystem and then changes over to the real root
|
|
device,
|
|
which in this case is /dev/ram1 where the uncompressed filesystem now
|
|
resides.
|
|
|
|
In order to accomplish this a customized ramdisk called an initrd is
|
|
required.
|
|
Initial ram disks are essentially mini filesystems with the
|
|
bare necessities to allow a special init type file called linuxrc to
|
|
perform similar types of duties as an init, but in a much more esoteric
|
|
fashion than
|
|
an init.
|
|
During a kernels initrd stage it looks for linuxrc, and during
|
|
normal boot it looks for init or a specified init passed as an option to
|
|
the kernel.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
So you are probably wondering what all this has to do with the large initrd
|
|
size when using the 2 disk compression method.
|
|
Linuxrc can be anything from a statically-linked executable to a script
|
|
which requires the dynamically-linked ash executable.
|
|
In the case of the 2
|
|
disk compression method, the later method is employed, and this uses
|
|
information found directly from your host system. You may have
|
|
noticed
|
|
the libraries required by ash found from your host system
|
|
can be quite large even after being stripped assuming you are using a major
|
|
distribution or derivative of
|
|
one. 
|
|
The advantage of a two disk boot/root
|
|
system is related to the fact that modern kernels are themselves quite
|
|
large, leaving very little room for a root filesystem, but at the same
|
|
time it is convenient to have a boot loader like lilo because it allows
|
|
you to boot other root filesystems which is useful in emergency
|
|
situations.
|
|
The present ABS
|
|
(boot section) is descended from some pretty old historic code from the
|
|
original bootroot and is due
|
|
for a major upgrade to allow a lot more flexibility in creating
|
|
streamlined boot disks from a variety of user definable methods.
|
|
Unfortunately (or fortunately for root filesystem making, a process which
|
|
used to take days), I've been devoting a lot of time to the ARS, but
|
|
hopefully I'll be adding major changes to the ABS in the near future.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="14"><b>If libc is included in the boot disk, why is it needed in the root disk as
|
|
well?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
An interesting question. Let's consider the two disk compression
|
|
method,
|
|
first the initrd is decompressed into /dev/ram0 or /dev/rd/0, then the
|
|
root filesystem is decompressed into /dev/ram1 or /dev/rd/1, even though
|
|
one would think since everything is being done in memory, the presence of
|
|
the libraries would remain in memory. But, in this case memory is
|
|
partitioned and the new root device doesn't share information with
|
|
the previous root device. An easier way to look at this is simply
|
|
that a
|
|
new root is being used which doesn't share information with the previous
|
|
root. You can experiment with this by removing libc-*.so and
|
|
ld-*.so from a root filesystem which previously worked, first test it with
|
|
UML, and then try to boot it; in both cases it won't work.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><a name="15"><b>So if I understand correctly, it is not possible to copy libc from /dev/ram0 to /dev/ram1 before mounting /dev/ram1 as / ? </b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Actually, this could be accomplished before the change_root or pivot_root
|
|
call, however, there is a much easier solution.
|
|
Make a working root
|
|
filesystem, edit it either on a loop device as root, or on a different
|
|
ubd?=root_fs as any user from a Linux virtual machine.
|
|
Add an initrd
|
|
device to the mounted filesystem with <code>mknod initrd b 1 250</code>
|
|
in the /dev
|
|
directory.
|
|
Make a directory called /initrd.
|
|
Delete libc*so and then
|
|
<code>ln -sf /initrd/lib/libc(real version)so libc(real version)so</code>.
|
|
Umount, compress, and copy
|
|
over to your root disk (2 disk compression method - make sure compression
|
|
and filesystem name match).
|
|
The reason why this works is that the initrd
|
|
remains mounted if /dev/initrd and the directory /initrd exist on the root
|
|
filesystem after the root change.
|
|
Ofcourse, you won't be able to run the
|
|
filesystem without the initrd, but this is another great way to save
|
|
space.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><a name="16"><b>There isn't enough room left on my 1440 floppy to make a Boot or Root
|
|
disk. Is there any way to free up more space apart from reducing
|
|
the size of the kernel?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Move the device size to 1722. This is a trick that <a href="http://www.toms.net/rb/">tomsrtbt</a> uses on his famous rescue disk.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
(Update 10/06/2001) <br>
|
|
Up until mke2fs version 1.19 you were able to do
|
|
`mke2fs -F /dev/fd0 1722` on a 1440 device without any problem, but since
|
|
then mke2fs has become much more particular about enforcing actual device
|
|
size. . Mke2fs will complain:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
"mke2fs: Attempt to write block from filesystem resulted in short write
|
|
zeroing block 1600 at end of filesystem."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
I understand Theodore Ts'o reasoning for doing this, but I strongly believe
|
|
that the old behavior was very useful for people creating
|
|
mini-distributions so I have issued
|
|
<a href="
|
|
http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=468652&group_id=2406&atid=352406">Feature Request #468652</a> at e2fsprogs site
|
|
at Sourceforge. It should
|
|
be noted that fdformat is an unacceptable solution because it tends
|
|
to be machine specific, and the original mke2fs behavior made floppies that
|
|
worked
|
|
everywhere. Feel free
|
|
to add your comments to the Feature Request. Thanks.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="17"><b>Last, but not least...the boot disk boots, waits for the root disk, and
|
|
now fails. "Can't open console"??? or sth like this (I'm pretty tired
|
|
right now, recheck later), which appears after "VFS:ext2fs was found..."</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
This is an easy one. First, make sure that there is a
|
|
/dev directory in
|
|
your root filesystem. Genext2fs will automatically make this
|
|
from its devices table, but other fs creators (mke2fs) don't know any better.
|
|
Second, does your kernel have devfs? Based on this answer,
|
|
make sure you choose the proper inittab for your kernel, and if you aren't
|
|
using devfs
|
|
make sure that the proper devices are included. The minimum
|
|
required is /dev/console and you will need devices for anything listed
|
|
in the inittab.
|
|
Genext2fs will include devices for any user, but non-root users can't
|
|
create devices with other filesystem creators. Third, test
|
|
with UML, if the filesytem is not devfs use the devfs=nomount option
|
|
to make sure your filesystem is running properly.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="18"><b>What are the kernel's drivers/fs that must be directly compiled, not as
|
|
modules, except ext2, floppy? Could you attach your
|
|
kernel's .config?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
I don't want to take all the fun away from you. However, floppy
|
|
can be a module for the two disk compression method. Boot methods
|
|
automatically check for the existence of required modules, otherwise,
|
|
they are assumed to be part of the kernel. If you peruse the
|
|
verbosity box the required modules are revealed.  INITRD and
|
|
BLK_DEV_RAM should be in the kernel if an initrd is being used.
|
|
In general, if an initrd or root filesystem require a certain filesystem type,
|
|
that filesystem type needs to be built into the kernel, and can't be a
|
|
module.
|
|
There is a config for the uml kernel in
|
|
/usr/lib/bootroot/yard/Replacements/lib/modules. If you get
|
|
it running with uml, and it doesn't run with your own kernel, take a look
|
|
here.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="19"><b>What is the root_fs_helper 2Mb file in the grootboot package?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
This is the ultimate in root filesystem engineering. The root
|
|
filesystem helper is actually a much bigger filesystem made with cramfs, and it
|
|
originated from a genext2fs filessytem made as a normal user.
|
|
It includes
|
|
utilities like filesystem creators. It is part of the automated
|
|
filesystem creation system, and after it is booted by uml, it is
|
|
interacted with via expect based on user choices placed in the filesystem
|
|
box. Considering that mkreiserfs doesn't allow loop devices to
|
|
be used,
|
|
this is an easy way to get around this limitation, and most importantly it
|
|
allows non-root users to create UID/GID 0 root filesystems.
|
|
Try creating a root filesystem as a normal user with both "UML Exclusively" and
|
|
"Preserve Ownership" turned on and discover if you can successfully create
|
|
a working root filesystem. Answer: No, you will not be able
|
|
to unless Preserve Ownership is off.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="20"><b>Now the creation works, but actually the whole image is less than
|
|
1440k... Still, unclear to me is the purpose of the device/size in the
|
|
main widget - is it only for the boot or also for the root disk?
|
|
After all, the root fs image size has been already entered in the ARS.</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Gbootroot is designed with the idea that new Linux users don't need to
|
|
open up the ARS or ABS; basically, they just choose a boot method, provide
|
|
a pre-made compressed root_fs and kernel, and then press the submit button
|
|
to get a two disk floppy system. What this means is
|
|
that if the ARS is
|
|
never opened then the boot and root devices will both be /dev/fd0.
|
|
But, if the ARS is opened up, then the boot device is whatever is found in the
|
|
main section, and the root device is whatever is found in the ARS.
|
|
Likewise, if the ABS is opened up, and the user decides that they would like
|
|
to do
|
|
development work on a different device than the boot device, for instance,
|
|
/dev/fd1, then they can change the device in the ABS. In this
|
|
case, the
|
|
device should be left to /dev/fd0 in the main section, unless you have one
|
|
of those amazing Bioses which allow /dev/fd1 to be booted.
|
|
At a later
|
|
date the user can run "lilo -v -C brlilo.conf -r /mnt" where /mnt
|
|
represents the mounted device provided in the main section.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="21"><b>gBootRoot doesn't start because it can't locate Gtk.pm?</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></P>
|
|
|
|
<p>This program requires Gtk-Perl available from <a href="http://www.perl.com/CPAN">CPAN</a>, <a href="http://freshmeat.net/projects/gtk-perl">Freshmeat</a> or most GNU/Linux distributions.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><a name="22"><b>If you roll the floppy density counter down to 0 and then try go back
|
|
up towards 1440 and 1722, you get very funny figures.</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This is because of the way Gtk works. There are two adjustments,
|
|
step and page increments. When you press your first mouse button the step
|
|
has been set to 282 so that a person can easily switch between 1440 and 1722.
|
|
When you use your second mouse button the page is set at 360. You can go
|
|
down to zero by pressing your third mouse button on the
|
|
down arrow. Now
|
|
page up with the second button to 1440 and step with the first button to
|
|
1722. Pretty cool, eh?</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>While we are on this subject please check out these keyboard shortcuts for Gtk.</p>
|
|
|
|
<P>Motion Shortcuts
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-A Beginning of line </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-E End of line </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-N Next Line </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-P Previous Line </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-B Backward one character </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-F Forward one character </LI>
|
|
<LI> Alt-B Backward one word </LI>
|
|
<LI> Alt-F Forward one word </LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
<P> Editing Shortcuts
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-H Delete Backward Character (Backspace) </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-D Delete Forward Character (Delete) </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-W Delete Backward Word </LI>
|
|
<LI> Alt-D Delete Forward Word </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-K Delete to end of line </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-U Delete line </LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
<P>Selection Shortcuts
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-X Cut to clipboard </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-C Copy to clipboard </LI>
|
|
<LI> Ctrl-V Paste from clipboard </LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
<p><a name="23"><b>Changing from gz to bz2 compression for the boot image in the main section has no effect and gzip is still executed.</b></a> <a href="#FAQ">[back]</a></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
In the main section to two check boxes are just indicators of what
|
|
compression has been used on the root filesystem.
|
|
Gz if gzipped, and bz2
|
|
in bzip2ed, and gz if uncompressed.
|
|
Usually, the compression is
|
|
auto-detected, but if it isn't you can manually choose the compression
|
|
type, or override the real compression type.
|
|
In the ARS you can actually
|
|
compress a root filesystem after it has been created by turning
|
|
compression on, choosing a compression type, and pressing the Accept
|
|
button.
|
|
Basically, the main section just assumes you already have a
|
|
compressed filesystem, this will change in the future; however, actual
|
|
compression is done either in the ABS (not yet) or the ARS, the main
|
|
section is just used to put together the parts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a name="cli-help"><h2>CLI Help</h2></a>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
Usage: gbootroot [OPTION]...
|
|
--help -h help
|
|
--template=name required option - template in default template dir
|
|
$HOME/.gbootroot/yard/templates/[name]
|
|
|
|
(defaults)
|
|
--method=name yard
|
|
--root-filename=name root_fs
|
|
--filesystem-size=size 8192
|
|
--filesystem-command=c "genext2fs -z -r0"
|
|
--uml-exclusively=on|off off
|
|
--uml-kernel=path $HOME/.gbootroot/uml_kernel/linuxbr
|
|
--preserve-ownership=y|n n
|
|
--genext2fs-dir=dir /usr/lib/bootroot/
|
|
--expect-program=path /usr/lib/bootroot/expect_uml
|
|
--root-fs-helper=path /usr/lib/bootroot/root_filesystem/root_fs_helper
|
|
--home=dir gui mode = without other options
|
|
cl mode = with other options
|
|
min: --template
|
|
|
|
(system kernel options)
|
|
--kernel=path specify different system kernel
|
|
--kernel-version=version specify alternative version
|
|
|
|
(print options)
|
|
--no-stdout don't print to console
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a name="template-help"><h2>Yard Template Help</h2></a>
|
|
|
|
<h3> Format rules </h3>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
<li> Lines beginning with # or % are comments.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> Blank lines and whitespace are ignored.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> Lines of the form "filename1 -> filename2" will create symbolic (soft)
|
|
links on the root fs. For example, if you want sh linked to ash
|
|
in the root fs you could specify: "/bin/sh -> /bin/ash".
|
|
The literal output from the last column found when using `ls -s`
|
|
may be used, or fictional links may be created, for instance,
|
|
ashsa -> bash (In this case if /bin/bash exists on the system the link
|
|
would be /bin/ashsa -> /bin/bash, otherwise /asha -> /bash)
|
|
(There is no way to specify hardlinks, though hard linked files
|
|
that exist on the hard disk will be hard linked.)
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> Lines of the form "filename1 <= Replacements/pathto_filename2"
|
|
will cause filename2 to be copied to filename1 on the root fs.
|
|
This is useful for specifying trimmed-down replacements for
|
|
/etc/passwd, /etc/inittab, etc. For the above example, filename2
|
|
is found in its real path below the Replacements directory which is
|
|
found in the default Replacements path of $HOME/yard/Replacements.
|
|
Replacements may be specified in their absolute or relative paths
|
|
(found using $PATH).
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> User defined paths may be specified in the Path Box
|
|
(Edit->Settings->Path). These paths may be used to search for the
|
|
relative paths for Replacements, links and files.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> Glob designations (?, * and []) are generally allowed, eg /dev/hd[ab]*
|
|
Wildcards are not allowed in link specs or replacement specs.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> The $RELEASE variable which may be used to locate the modules directory
|
|
can come from one of three sources, the kernel version returned from a
|
|
selected kernel in the main section,
|
|
a user defined kernel version in the ABS, or the value of `uname -r`
|
|
returned automatically when the other two sources aren't specified.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> You don't need to explicitly specify intermediate directories unless you
|
|
just want to make sure they exist.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> You don't need to specify shared libraries or loaders because
|
|
necessary libraries are detected automatically.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<ul> <h3> Control Structures </h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> The if/elsif operator may be used to test for the existence of an
|
|
absolute or relative file condition. If the condition is true
|
|
than the following statements will be parsed, otherwise additional
|
|
conditions are examined. The statements can be specified by any
|
|
of the formats rules, but can't be on the same line as the
|
|
condition. The \ deliminator is used at the beginning and ending
|
|
of the control structure so that the parser knows how to properly
|
|
treat the logic.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> This is especially useful for creating templates that work
|
|
properly for different distributions allowing portability.
|
|
Consider these examples:
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
Example 1
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
if ( mingetty )
|
|
/etc/inittab <= Replacements/etc/inittab.example.mingetty-rpm
|
|
/sbin/mingetty
|
|
/etc/gettydefs
|
|
elsif ( agetty )
|
|
/etc/inittab <= Replacements/etc/inittab.example.agetty-slack
|
|
/sbin/agetty
|
|
/etc/gettydefs
|
|
elsif ( getty )
|
|
/etc/inittab <= Replacements/etc/inittab.example-deb
|
|
/sbin/getty
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
Example 2
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
\ if ( /etc/pam.d/system-auth )
|
|
/etc/pam.d/system-auth \
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul> <h3>NSS and PAM</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> You may choose between two behaviors for the treatment of NSS and PAM
|
|
libraries. The old Yard behavior assumes that only the user knows which
|
|
service modules they want to include in the file set, and tests
|
|
(see Tests menu) may be run on the configuration files to show what isn't
|
|
provided, so that the user can include the missing modules manually by
|
|
editing the template, but the user still needs to figure out any
|
|
dependencies since the modules are dynamically loaded.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<li> The new Yard behavior (default) assumes that the user does know what they
|
|
want based on what the user puts in the NSS (nsswitch.conf) and PAM
|
|
(pam.conf or pam.d/*) configuration files. The configuration files are
|
|
then parsed and the corresponding service modules are included in the
|
|
file set if they exist on the host system, tests (see Tests menu) can be
|
|
run to find out which ones don't exist. The service modules are checked
|
|
for library dependencies. What this means is that the user only needs
|
|
to specify the configuration files in the template, and doesn't need to
|
|
be concerned with the service modules or libraries involved. The new
|
|
behavior is recommended, and won't effect the file set even if the
|
|
requirements are already included in the template. If desired, the old
|
|
behavior may be regained by switching off Edit->Settings->"NSS Conf"
|
|
and Edit->Settings->"PAM Conf".
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="links">Links</h2>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://gbootroot.sourceforge.net">
|
|
gBootRoot</a> and
|
|
<a href="http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/gbootroot">
|
|
site at SourceForge</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://en.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/index.html">
|
|
BootDisk-HOWTO</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net">
|
|
User Mode Linux</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://www.stearns.org/mkrootfs/rootfs.html">
|
|
Bills UML Root filesystems</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://umlbuilder.sourceforge.net">
|
|
UML Builder</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://www.busybox.net">
|
|
BusyBox</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://trinux.sourceforge.net">
|
|
Trinux</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://www.toms.net/rb/">
|
|
tomsrtbt</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://usermodelinux.org/">User-Mode Linux Resources</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a
|
|
href="http://www.stearns.org/slartibartfast/uml-coop.current.html">User-Mode
|
|
Linux Co-op</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://uml.openconsultancy.com/">UMLd & Paper with resources</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href="http://usermodelinux.co.uk/">usermodelinux.co.uk</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a href=" http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SSI-UML-HOWTO/">Creating SSI Clusters Using UML HOWTO</a>
|
|
|
|
<li><a
|
|
href="http://foundries.sourceforge.net/images/articles/clustering/umlopenmosix/umopenmosix.html">User
|
|
Mode openMosix</a>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br><br><br>
|
|
<a name="contact">
|
|
Contact me: Jonathan Rosenbaum <a href="mailto:freesource@users.sourceforge.net">freesource@users.sourceforge.net</a>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Submit a Bug: <a href="http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?group_id=9513">gBootRoot Bug System</a>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Join or browse the mailing lists: <a href="http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=9513">gbootroot-{devel,user} mailing lists</a>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Ask a question: <a href="http://sourceforge.net/forum/forum.php?forum_id=29639">Help Forum</a>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Start a discussion: <a href="http://sourceforge.net/forum/forum.php?forum_id=29638">Open Discussion Forum</a></a>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<br><br><br><br><br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center">
|
|
<IMG ALT="Larry Ewing's Penguin celebrates in gBootRoot." SRC="images/peng-movie.4.gif"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
</body></html>
|
|
|
|
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